Category: Diabetes 101

New Drug Potential from Squibb and AstraZeneca for Type 2 Diabetes: Metformin is used a lot by those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. It’s an oral medication that is well tolerated by many people.

Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and AstraZeneca PLC stated Sunday, July 3, 2011, that their studies of combining a compound called dapagliflozin with metformin had better sustained success in lowering blood sugar levels than those who took the combination of glipizide with metformin. This combination of metformin with dapagliflozin has the potential of being a new drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. More clinical studies are needed, but the outlook is favorable.

A side benefit that was noted in the study was that those patients who took dapagliflozin had fewer episodes of low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia) during the two-year study and also showed signs that they were more likely to lose weight.

Another important point of interest was that those patients taking dapagliflozin also reported a “higher risk of genital infections and urinary tract infections.”

Bristol-Myers Squibb and AstraZeneca have undertaken a combined effort since 2007 to work on finding new treatments for type 2 diabetes patients.

The Food and Drug Administration is reviewing this new compound.

Type 2 diabetes is where the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells just simply do not use the insulin that is provided by the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is usually treated with modifications in the diet and an increase in exercise, or with an oral medication if the blood sugar levels cannot be brought under control through diet and exercise. Type 2 diabetes is the more common form of diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed when the body produces no insulin, and insulin has to be injected into the body.

Either type of diabetes is a serious condition, and should be treated as such, but type 1 diabetes is the more serious form of the condition.

Lee Iacocca has donated over $30 million to diabetes research seeking a cure for the disease, which can lead to debilitating and fatal complications. In 1983, Mary McCleary Iacocca, Lee Iacocca’s wife, died from complications of Type 1 diabetes. In 1984, Iacocca created the Iacocca Family Foundation, a foundation dedicated to funding promising research projects in the search for a cure for diabetes.

Lee Iacocca is known as a world-famous American businessman, especially for his rise in the ranks at Ford Motor and then the man who rescued the Chrysler Corporation in the 1980s. At that time, his face was all seen around the world on TV and in the newspapers about that huge endeavor. And he succeeded. He pulled Chrysler out of the pits of doom and turned the company around.

The Iacocca Family Foundation has been one of the main patrons of the research of Denise Faustman at Massachusetts General Hospital. In 2000, Iacocca founded Olivio Premium Products, which manufactures the Olivio line of food products made from olive oil. He donates all profits from the company to diabetes research. Many profits from the sale of his numerous books have also gone to finding a “cure.”

In 2004, Iacocca launched Join Lee Now, a national grassroots campaign, to bring Faustman’s research to human clinical trials in 2006.

From June 24 to June 28, 2011, The American Diabetes Foundation held its 71st Session in San Diego, California, at the San Diego Convention Center. At that conference, Faustman, Director of the Massachusetts General Hospital Immunobiology Laboratory, presented abstracts from a clinical trial that was funded by the Iacocca Family Foundation.

Faustman presented information regarding the vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). This was a Phase 1 human (and mice) trial, which indicated that BCG vaccine, which was developed to prevent tuberculosis and is currently used to treat bladder cancer, might possibly kill the T-cells that cause the pancreas to stop producing insulin. This BCG vaccine is approximately 80 years old and apparently temporarily reversed Type 1 diabetes in the human trial.

Phase 2 of the clinical trial by Faustman will soon be underway at the Massachusetts General Hospital Immunobiology Laboratory.

Type 1 diabetes usually strikes the young, and can only be treated with the injection of insulin, as the pancreas no longer produces insulin. The body must have insulin in order to live. Without insulin, the person dies.

Type 1 diabetes causes peaks and lows in the blood sugar levels of those with diabetes. It is very difficult to keep these levels under control, even with the use of insulin and even with the insulin pumps that are now in use. With these peaks and lows in the blood sugar levels, damage is slowly done to the body. Over time, this damage leads to severe complications, such as kidney failure, blindness, numbing (neuropathy) of the limbs which can eventually lead to amputation, and other serious effects, such as strokes and heart attacks, that can cause the person to die from the complications.

There is no cure for Type 1 diabetes. There is ongoing work all around the world to find a cure, and we all wait for this cure. We hope for a cure in time to help our own children. The Iacocca Family Foundation is one of the major foundations in place to help find this cure. A great undertaking by a great man.

Hopes for an Artificial Pancreas Down The Road: Findings of some of the newest data working towards the creation of an artificial pancreas will be presented at the Juvenile Diabetes Association meeting in San Diego, California, in June 2011.

Before a precise artificial pancreas can be developed, many studies have to be conducted. Mayo Clinic has been working on developing an artificial pancreas and is working on it at this time. This artificial pancreas that is being created would include a “blood sugar monitor, an automatic insulin pump, a set of monitors that attach to the body and a central processing unit.” This version is referred to as the “Closed Loop System.” Clinical trials have been underway and continue to take place in the development of this artificial pancreas.

“The Mayo Clinic is likely to begin clinical trials of the artificial pancreas in November of this year with a handful of inpatient volunteers.” This study would involve a strict diet, exercise and insulin. This information gathered will then be fed into an “insulin-delivery algorithm which mimics the body’s natural process of monitoring and responding to glucose levels in the bloodstream.”

At this time, Mayo Clinic endocrinologists Yogish Kudva, MBBS, and Ananda Basu, MBBS, MD, are helping in the work of developing the artificial pancreas that will automatically deliver insulin with a precision that is not available at this time.

One aspect of their study has been to study the everyday effects of everyday diabetes. Movement, sitting, standing, eating. How you move, what you do before and after you eat, etc. This type study has not been undertaken in the past and sounds like it has the potential for providing necessary information to help in creating a precise artificial pancreas.

The studies of Kudva and Basu are reported to have shown that any type of physical activity after ingesting food has a large impact on the blood sugar level. In fact, the results indicate that any regular physical activity after ingesting food in those with Type 1 diabetes reflected blood sugar levels close to those without Type 1 diabetes (people with a regular functioning pancreas). The folks who did no activity at all after eating had increased blood sugar levels.

The more you move, the better the insulin works and lowers the blood sugar levels.

Kudva and Basu have been doing research for nearly 15 years on various aspects of diabetes and obesity. Their work has contributed to the creation of the artificial pancreas. Their new information will be presented at this planned meeting of the Juvenile Diabetes Association in San Diego.

Approximately 3 millions Americans live with Type 1 diabetes, formerly referred to as juvenile diabetes mellitus. Of the two different types of diabetes, Type 1 is the most difficult to control. When Type 1 diabetes is the diagnosis for an individual, that means that the pancreas in that person’s body no longer produces insulin and in order to live, that person must take artificial insulin for the remainder of his/her life. This artificial insulin is injected into the body in the form of either an insulin pump or through a syringe filled with insulin. In Type 2 diabetes that cannot be controlled with oral medication, diet modifications and an exercise program, insulin injections are used at times. Type 1 diabetes cannot be controlled through oral medication, diet modifications or an exercise program. Type 1 diabetes can only be controlled through insulin, with the help of diet control and exercising to keep blood sugar levels under better control.

An artificial pancreas would stop the need for these injections. An artificial pancreas is one of the fervent hopes for anyone with Type 1 diabetes.

Lab-Created Blood Vessels Helping Dialysis Patients: Imagine having to stop your kidney dialysis because your veins are shot? Just kaput, not one viable vein.

Then imagine a refrigerated room stockpiled with lab-created blood vessels where one can walk into the room and pick out a blood vessel that is going to fit the recipient who is in dire need of a vein to help with their kidney dialysis, help with their heart bypass surgery, help with their poor circulation in their limbs and help in any other way where a blood vessel needs to be replaced. These new blood vessels would be created without the use of artificial materials, and no stem cells would be involved in their creation.

The works are set in place to create this imaginary refrigerated room to store those newly grown blood vessels. Just think of the ease this would provide in a medical crisis where a call could simply be placed for the type blood vessel that might be needed, and the blood vessel could be sent to the OR as easily as the request is now made for a pacemaker.

The process for growing these new, straw-shaped blood vessels involves taking a snippet of skin from the back of a hand, removing cells and then growing them into a sheet of tissue that can be rolled up like drinking straws to form blood vessels.

Recently in Poland, three patients received such new blood vessels for health issues, and those vessels are still working two to eight months later. Those blood vessels that the patients in Poland received were blood vessels that were grown in a lab using donated skin.

The potential for lab-created vessels will be a lifesaver for many people. The process is in its earliest stages, but further testing is ongoing in Europe and South America on a larger scale, and the hope is that the results from these larger test studies will prove just as favorable.

This could prove to be a medical miracle for those in need of blood vessel replacement.

Blood vessels/veins are needed in so many areas of the medical field. Many diabetics have kidney failure as a result of long-term diabetes. Right now, approximately 400,000 Americans undergo kidney dialysis. When kidneys fail, a person must have kidney dialysis or they will die. Kidney dialysis involves artificially filtering the waste from the blood through a connection between the artery and a vein. This connection is called a shunt. This shunt gets poked numerous times a week in order to hook the patients up to the dialysis machine. There are many complications that can arise with the shunt – blood clots, infection and even clogging. As well, this shunt has to be inserted into a vein. Eventually, some patients run out of viable blood veins for their dialysis requirements. If a person could have a new vein inserted, this could extend the length of time they are on dialysis until a kidney transplant could become an option.

Thousands and thousands of people undergo open heart surgery each year. Think of the celebrities we hear about in the news – David Letterman, Regis Philbin, Star Jones, Barbara Walters, Robin Williams, Burt Reynolds, and many, many more. There are people you pass on the street everyday who have undergone the same process.

In fact, approximately 300,000 people a year have heart bypass operations wherein veins are removed from their legs and are used to replace the clogged arteries in their hearts. In many cases, the wound on the leg from the removal of the vein is difficult to heal and has to be watched closely for infection. If a straw-shaped, lab-created blood vessel could be used from this stockpile of blood vessels there would be no need for the surgical removal of the vessel in the leg for use in the heart.

Thus far, these straw-shaped, lab-grown blood vessels have been well tolerated by the patients who received them, so much so that there was no need for anti-rejection medication and tissue matching was not necessary.

At the present time, lab-grown skin is already used to treat many burn victims. This creation of the blood vessels in a lab is a giant step forward for the medical field.

Oakland A’s, MUG Root Beer and Juvenile Diabetes: The Oakland A’s held their annual MUG Root Beer Float Day event on June 30, 2011, at the East Side Club at the Coliseum in Oakland, California. All proceeds from this event went to the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation to help in the search for a cure for diabetes and its complications.

Over the past eight years, the Oakland A’s MUG Root Beer Float Day event has raised over $300,000 for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. This year, the event raised over $29,000.

From 10:30 in the morning to 12:35 p.m., the event served MUG Root Beer Floats for $2.00 each. Any tips that were given in exchange for autographs and photos with some of the celebrity baseball A’s players were treated as donations to the JDRF. A 32-ounce mug with unlimited float refills was sold for $15.00 each, and there were mugs that had been autographed by Dallas Braden that were sold for $25.00. A number of players were in attendance and participated in the event.

This annual Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation MUG Root Beer Float Day was presented by Pepsi, and the ice cream was donated by Dreyer’s.

A number of the Oakland A’s player, even former players, have had diabetes enter their lives through its effects on a number of their close family members. They have firsthand knowledge of the devastating effects of diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes, once called Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus, is when the body stops producing insulin and artificial insulin has to be introduced into the body, or the person with the chronic condition will die.

There is no cure for Type 1 diabetes, only treatment of the condition through insulin, exercise and diet control. It’s a balancing act of insulin-exercise-food. It’s a difficult balancing act, one that over 3 million Americans have to juggle every day. They have to be constantly vigilant to avoid an insulin reaction (blood sugar levels too low due to too much insulin), which can lead to a diabetic coma, or too little insulin (blood sugar levels too high), which can also lead to a coma.

As well as the balancing act of controlling their blood sugar levels, they also have to deal with the knowledge that there could be various complications down the road from the long-term effects of Type 1 diabetes – loss of vision, kidney failure, numbness in the limbs that could lead to eventual amputation, an increased risk for strokes and heart attacks, to list a few.

Insulin was discovered in the 1920s. Prior to that time, someone with a diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes did not usually survive more than a few years.

The cause of Type 1 diabetes has been attributed to genetics, viruses, autoimmune diseases or environmental effects. In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas simply stops producing insulin. This usually occurs in young children, adolescents and young adults.

In the better-known Type 2 diabetes, which at one time was mostly limited to the older population but is now being diagnosed more and more frequently in young children and teens, the cells of the body stop using insulin properly. And as the cells need more and more insulin, the pancreas slowly stops producing enough insulin for the body.

The increase in the youth of today being diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes has been connected with the rise in obesity and the sedentary lifestyles of this current generation.

The Oakland A’s have been raising money that will help in the search for a cure for diabetes. Every penny raised is a step forward in the research that is needed on this critical health condition. A cure is needed.

600 Calories Per Day A Cure For Type 2: Don’t even think about trying such a drastic diet. If you are attempting to lose weight, check with your doctor and follow his instructions to the letter. This story is written in response to the headlines from the Los Angeles Times wherein they stated: “British researchers develop ‘cure’ for Type 2 diabetes: Starve Yourself.”

In a recent British study, researchers found that 11 patients who had developed type 2 diabetes later in life and averaged at least 220 pounds were put on a doctor-supervised 600 calorie per day diet, which included a special diet drink and non-starch vegetables, such as broccoli, asparagus and cabbage, for eight weeks. After one week on the diet, patients’ fasting blood sugar had returned to normal and after eight weeks, they showed no signs of type 2 diabetes. After three months of returning to a normal diet, seven remained completely free of the disease.

This was a drastic diet, but the study’s researcher stated that the end result is noteworthy: If people lose substantial weight by normal means, they will lose their diabetes; there is no need to go on a drastic diet, just lose the extra pounds and there’s a possibility that the type 2 diabetes could be reversed.

Type 1 diabetes is controlled only through the injection of insulin, proper diet and proper exercise. There is no known cure at this time for type 1 diabetes. The pancreas very simply shuts down the production of insulin because of the death of certain cells within the pancreas that produce insulin. Without insulin, the body cannot function and the person would die without the artificial insulin being injected into their body. Even with the injection of insulin, there are still fluctuations in the blood sugar levels of these individuals which over time results in harm being done to the blood vessels in the body, resulting in complications such as stroke, heart disease, blindness and limb amputations.

Type 2 diabetes is another type of diabetes wherein the body does not use the insulin that it produces properly or there is insufficient insulin produced by the body to maintain good blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes is usually developed later in life and has long been considered to be a result of poor nutrition and lifestyle – overeating, lack of exercise. Even type 2 diabetes can lead to the same type complications as Type 1 diabetes if the blood sugar levels are not maintained at as normal a level as possible.

As stated above, the type of diet used in the British study is not a diet to consider on your own. If you are thinking of losing weight for whatever reason, check with your health care provider.

7 Year Old Sydney Lyons, Congress and Diabetes: In June 2011, little Sydney Lyons of Pocatello, Idaho, testified before the Children’s Congress of the United States in Washington, D.C., on behalf of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and was also able to speak to the Congressional Diabetes Caucus. Sydney has Type 1 diabetes and was before Congress to talk about funding more research for Type 1 diabetes so a cure can be found.

Young Sydney was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes three years ago. Her life changed at that time, but she does not let the disease control her, although she knows of all the complications that can arise from having Type 1 diabetes: “There’s a lot of issues that can happen. You can lose your legs, you can die, go blind, have heart disease or disease in your kidneys,” Sydney says.

“I’m excited to tell them about why it’s important to find a cure for diabetes,” Sydney said.

A young ambassador with a strong message.

A Food and Drug Administration spokesman told the Children’s Congress that experimental guidelines for an artificial pancreas would be drafted by the end of the year. The device is currently available in several foreign countries.

There is no cure for Type 1 diabetes. The treatment for it at this time is with the injection of artificial insulin. On a typical day Sydney Lyons, and her mom, Shamae, prick Sydney’s finger numerous times a day to test her blood sugar level. At the time of an interview in her local hometown, her blood sugar level was 166, 40 points higher than a normal person’s blood sugar level, but for Sydney that was an okay number.

Sydney’s mother stated that her daughter had already helped to raise $8,000 for diabetes research through an annual walk in Idaho Falls.

Sydney has sisters. Because Sydney was diagnosed at such a young age, her younger sisters have an even higher chance of getting diabetes, too. Shamae said that, “It is nothing any parent should have to go through. You do blame yourself for a while, you carry a lot of guilt, but then the more you learn about Type 1 diabetes, there’s really nothing you can do to prevent an auto-immune disease.”

The trip affected Sydney’s blood sugar levels by spiking and dropping because of the long days and the east coast humidity. That is an added incentive for the FDA to approve testing on the artificial pancreas. “If they had found a cure, I would be happy that I didn’t have diabetes anymore because I don’t like pricking my finger and all that other stuff,” Sydney said.

There are approximately 3 million American with Type 1 diabetes, most of them young children or young adults. Type 1 diabetes is different from Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is usually related to weight and lack of exercise. Type 1 diabetes is not related to weight or lack of exercise, but for some unknown reason (environmental or genetic), the body’s insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are killed.

To stay alive, people with Type 1 diabetes must take multiple insulin injections daily or continually infuse insulin through the use of an insulin pump. Along with the injection of insulin, the finger pricking is required to know how much insulin is needed to be injected or infused through the insulin pump. This is the more serious form of diabetes because along with balancing of the insulin dose with their food intake and physical exercise, they must also guard against a hypoglycemic (low blood sugar) reaction and hyperglycemic (high blood sugar) reaction. Both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are conditions that need immediate attention or could cause death. Both conditions are very life threatening and need prompt attention.

Like any good ambassador with a good cause, Sydney wants to be a doctor when she grows up, “to make sure other people do not have to feel bad.”

Study on Liraglutide (Victoza) Could Help Type 1 Diabetics: The University of Buffalo conducted an observation study in regards to the use of liraglutide, an injectable medication that is now used to treat only Type 2 diabetes, and how it might help Type 1 diabetics in achieving the very best blood sugar levels possible. This was a small study, and only a larger study that is now planned by the University of Buffalo might show that this could lead to better treatment for Type 1 diabetics. If this proves to be true, then this could be the newest treatment for Type 1 diabetics since the discovery of insulin back in the 1920s. The results of this study will eventually be in print and available in the European Journal of Endocrinology. This study received accolades at the annual meeting of the Endocrine Society in Boston. This study at University of Buffalo was headed by Paresh Dandona, a Professor of Medicine in the School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and was the senior author of the study.

Approximately 23.6 million Americans have some form of diabetes, either Type 1 (the more serious and more difficult to control) or Type 2. The number of people with Type 2 diabetes is higher than those with Type 1, and a many number of people with Type 2 diabetes can manage their disease through diet, exercise and oral medication, or with the injectable liraglutide.

With Type 1 diabetes the only form of treatment is through insulin that must be injected. The insulin pump is now available, but this too involves the injection of insulin into the body.

The study showed that liraglutide (Victoza) along with insulin helped control blood sugar much better for tighter Type 1 diabetes management. Liraglutide, or also known as Victoza, is an acylated human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist.

An A1C test is a blood test that is taken by diabetics approximately every three months by their physician. This A1C test result tells the physician and the patient how well they have controlled their blood sugar levels over those past months. If the A1C test is below 7, this is considered the best. If their A1C is higher than 7, then they know they need to take steps to better control their blood sugar levels, because the more out of control the blood sugar levels are, the more likely it is for severe complications to arise down the road. These complications include, but are not limited to, vision loss, kidney failure, and heart disease.

This was an unfunded study and was an analysis of data and was conducted at Kaleida Health’s Diabetes-Endocrinology Center of Western New York.

The study involved 14 Type 1 diabetic patients whose hemoglobin A1C levels were under the preferred “7.” In the study, these patients were deemed well controlled diabetics. Even though they were considered well controlled, even these patients had fairly wide swings in their blood sugar levels, some from 150 mg/dl to 250 mg/dl, and sometimes even higher than 250 mg/dl. So though deemed well controlled, they still had periods when their blood sugar level was too high for comfort.

With the addition of liraglutide to their insulin, these patients showed that they had fewer occasions when their blood sugar levels were too high, as well as a lessening in the amount of insulin they were injecting. A decrease in appetite was also noted.

Within a matter of days of the addition of liraglutide to their insulin, a positive result was seen. When the liraglutide was discontinued, their blood sugar levels again rose at times to higher levels than desired. This indicated that it was the addition of liraglutide that created the better controlled blood sugar levels.

More research is needed to understand the mechanics of the improvements in blood sugar levels with the addition of liraglutide to insulin, but it is thought that with the addition of liraglutide to insulin there is a decrease in the post-meal glucagon, which is the hormone that causes the increase in blood sugar levels in Type 1 diabetics.

With this further research, the researchers plan a multicenter study of patients with Type 1 diabetes and hopefully find more information on how the liraglutide suppresses the glucagon that raises the blood sugar levels to an unsafe level.

These patients took liraglutide for periods of one week to 24 weeks. There were 14 adult patients with Type 1 diabetes.

Hopefully, this new research that is planned will be expanded quickly and help even more in the care of Type 1 diabetes in the control of their blood sugar levels, an everyday battle for many people.

Can eating 37 strawberries a day lessen diabetes complications: That old advice, an apple a day keeps the doctor away, might be switched around a bit to “a strawberry a day keeps the doctor away.” Keeping the doctor away, yes, but, more importantly, not only the doctor and/or endocrinologist, but also neurologist and possibly the oncologist.

But 37 strawberries work better than one, according to a recent study that was undertaken at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory (CNL), with the results to be published in a June 2011 issue of PLoS ONE. David Schubert, Ph.D., Professor and Head of the CNL, is a co-author of the paper and Pam Maher, Ph.D. a Senior Staff Scientist, is the corresponding author of the paper.

Strawberries contain fisetin. Fisetin is a flavonol. Flavonol is a structurally distinct chemical substance that belongs to the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is the color in the plants and the fruits of those plants. Grapes, spinach, oranges, blueberries, kale, apples, and so on. News reports have shown us for years that any flavonoid helps fight cancer and has positive effects on other illnesses, such as Alzheimer’s Disease. In other words, like mama told you, eat your fruits and veggies.

In this study conducted by CNL, the study involved the use of Akita mice, a very “robust” mice model of type 1 diabetes, formerly known as juvenile diabetes mellitus, which can be treated only with insulin. Mostly affecting young children, this form of diabetes over the passage of years most often leads to severe complications such as blindness, kidney failure, neuropathy, strokes and heart attacks; whereas type 2 diabetes, until recently, was more often diagnosed in the older population and can be treated with oral medication, along with a good diet and having an exercise program in place. Those with type 2 diabetes do develop complications, but they tend to take longer to arise than those complications arising from type 1 diabetes.

These Akita mice showed all the usual effects of Type 1 diabetes, namely increased blood sugar levels, but also “display pathologies seen in serious human complications of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.” In this study, the Akita mice were given supplementation of fisetin. The Akita mice that were fed an enriched diet of fisetin remained diabetic, but kidney enlargement was reversed and high urine protein levels fell. With high urine protein levels, it’s an indication that the kidneys are becoming diseased. As well, fisetin ingestion affected anxiety-related behaviors of the diabetic mice. “A mouse not suffering with anxiety tends to move around when put in a large area, but a mouse suffering from anxiety does not move around. The diabetic mice showed anxiety behavior, but when fed fisetin their movement returned to normal.”

The study also defined a possible molecular mechanism that resulted in these results. Those conducting the study saw that blood and brain levels of “sugars affixed to proteins known as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)” were reduced in fisetin treated Akita mice as compared to untreated Akita mice. There is evidence that increased AGE levels is implicated in many, if not all, diabetic complications. This study was the first study that indicated that any compound can enhance glyoxalase 1 activity, which fisetin seemed to do on these Akita mice.

It is thought that really high AGE levels might increase cancer risks.

These tests were conducted on mice, and only time will tell if the same results can be manifested in humans, and the possibility that there would be a supplement available to get your fisetin rather than eating those 37 strawberries a day.

In the meantime, think about eating the colors of the rainbow as often as possible, the darker in color the better.