Category: Diabetes 101

A new study conducted by Durham University in the United Kingdom has produced findings that may result in finger prick tests for diabetes being performed along with other unrelated exams, such as eye examinations. The researchers found that diabetes testing in unconventional settings, such as with opticians, dentists, and chiropodists could help to diagnose millions of individuals who are living with Type 2 diabetes but are unaware of their condition for various reasons, such as a lack of visits to their general practitioner physicians.

According to the researchers, earlier diagnosis of diabetes could help patients to manage the disease better; diabetes is the leading cause of blindness among the population at working age. The early detection of diabetes through this kind of testing could lower diabetes treatment costs for the U.K.’s National Health Service.

The number of diabetics worldwide is estimated to be about 150 million, but up to 50% of diabetics are thought to be undiagnosed, which could lead to more severe complications when actual diagnosis does occur.

Previous research has shown that health care professionals who do not normally conduct diabetes testing such as pharmacists and chiropodists can conduct simple blood tests that identify whether the patient has Type 2 diabetes. According to the researchers, even dentists have the capacity to perform such simple tests while patients are already in the office, eliminating the need for a separate doctor visit just to test for diabetes.

The study was conducted by Durham University and the James cook University Hospital in Middlesbrough; it was published in the British Journal of General Practice. Though the study examined the possibility of conducting diabetic testing at various doctors’ offices, it focused primarily on the possibility of conducting them at optometrists’ offices.

The researchers analyzed 1,000 participants who were visiting their opticians for eye tests. Of the patients who had risk factors for diabetes, such as a high body mass index (BMI) or an age over 40, about 32% of them were referred to their general practitioner physicians to be checked for diabetes after simple blood tests were conducted at the optician’s office.

Since most diabetes screening is conducted in medical settings by general practitioners, and many individuals do not see their GPs regularly enough to engage in effective preventative care, the inclusion of blood glucose testing as a part of non-medical checkups may aid in detecting diabetes in these patients.

“Charities’ campaigns have managed to reduce the proportion of people with undiagnosed diabetes but there is still a ‘hard-to-reach’ group who remain undiagnosed,” said Dr. Jenny Howse, a former optician with the Durham University School of Medicine and Health and lead author of the study. “Opticians could provide routine, non-emergency care and the simple screening can be done outside usual medical settings, such as GP surgeries.”

The finger prick tests conducted in the study were random capillary blood glucose (rCBG) tests. They were conducted on patients who had one or more risk factors for diabetes. If the patient’s blood glucose level was elevated, he or she was advised to visit a GP for further testing.

“The screening test is less invasive and time consuming than fasting blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests,” said Howse. “Already pharmacists and chiropodists have shown it is feasible to offer screening in their practices, here in the UK as well as in Australia and Switzerland. In the US, 60 per cent of adults visit dentists at least once a year for standard check-ups and those practices could be suitable locations to screen for diabetes.”

A prespecified analysis presented at the 2011 Congress of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) suggests that treatment with eplerenone drastically reduces the likelihood of cardiovascular mortality or hospitalization from heart failure in patients who have risk factors such as renal compromise and diabetes.

The trial treated patients who had suffered NYHA class 2 systolic heart failure with eplerenone, an aldosterone blocker. A control group was treated with a placebo in addition to standard medication prescribed for heart failure. The rates of mortality fell sharply in the patients treated with eplerenone.

“So, overwhelmingly the data are positive,” said co-principal investigator Dr Bertram Pitt, with the University of Michigan School of Medicine in Ann Arbor. Dr. Pitt presented the findings of the study.

“The diabetics, those with renal disease, the elderly, and the low ejection fraction and low blood-pressure [subgroups] all showed the same efficacy, more or less, and the same safety,” said Pitt. “We saw an excess of hyperkalemia [potassium >5.5 mmol/L] . . . and less hypokalemia, but there was less serious hyperkalemia [potassium >6.0 mmol/L], no significant excess of hospitalization for hyperkalemia or renal disease, and not a single patient that we know about died due to hyperkalemia on eplerenone. So to us, the data are pretty straightforward and pretty compelling for the use of eplerenone in patients with NYHA class 2 heart failure.”

The primary results of the trial were presented at the American Heart Association 2010 Scientific Sessions. It was conducted on 2737 randomized patients who had experienced mild heart failure and had an LVEF (left ventricular ejection fraction) of greater than 30 percent. The trial had not even run its projected course when it was halted because it became clear that eplerenone imparted a significant benefit in the health of the patients. At that point, patients who had been receiving eplerenone had shown a 24 percent reduction in cardiovascular death and a 42 percent reduction in heart failure hospitalization compared to the control group that was receiving placebo.

Hospitalization is a very important factor in those who have been hospitalized for mild heart failure. Future hospitalizations are a strong indicator of the progression of the condition and the health of the patient.

“…For patients with mild heart failure, hospitalization really matters — really matters for survival, for the progression of the disease, and for quality of life,” said Dr Piotr Ponikowski of the Medical University, Clinical Military Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland. Ponikowski served as the discussant after Dr. Pitt’s presentation of the trial’s findings.

Dr. Pitt believes that aldosterone blockers such as the eplerenone studied in the trial are underused in the West. Physicians are cautious in prescribing them to heart failure patients who also have renal disease.

“Paradoxically, heart-failure patients with renal disease are among the highest risk, so physicians are overly cautious, and they get the worst treatment,” said Pitt. “You have people at very high risk.” Pitt believes that aldosterone blockers will soon become more commonly recommended in heart failure patients and diabetics since it does not have as many side effects as spironalactone:

“After this, we think they should say specify that you should use eplerenone, at least in the diabetic subset, because there’s good data now that spironolactone in diabetes makes endothelial function worse–it raises hemoglobin A1c, raises cortisol, and reduces adiponectin–whereas eplerenone does not.”

Insulin glargine is an analog for human insulin, meaning that it is an altered form of insulin not produced by the human body, but still able to be used by the human body in a way similar to actual insulin. In the United States, insulin glargine is marketed by Sanofi-Aventus under the name Lantus. When used to supplement human insulin production, it is released in small concentrations over a 24 hour period into the blood, which means that it can be taken once a day for long-lasting insulin management

Insulin glargine functions over time because it contains a modified domain that prolongs its interaction with the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor, or IGF-IR. However, many types of cancer patients show an overactivity of IGF-IR, leading some to believe that use of insulin glargine may be associated with the development cancer if it is continually interfacing with IGF-IR. But is there any truth to that hypothesis?

Researchers conducted 11 in vitro studies on human and mice cells to determine whether insulin glargine might cause the mitogenesis, or cell growth, of cancerous cells. The results showed that the insulin glargine promoted mitosis in 5 malignant cell cultures as well as one nonmalignant culture. Insulin glargine, overall, had a 10 percent to 60 percent greater mitogenic effect than regular human insulin.

Five more studies were conducted to investigate the risk that insulin glargine may have in causing cancer in humans. One study showed that treatment with insulin glargine alone was associated with a slightly higher risk of cancer in patients who had been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, with those receiving greater doses being more at-risk.  However, a later analysis of the results that was adjusted for age and sex to ensure the objectivity of the results actually showed that insulin glargine had a protective effect on the study participants. The results were controversial and were heavily debated; however, three more studies were conducted which did not appear to show any increased risk of cancer from regular insulin glargine treatment.

The fifth and final study did find that female patients treated with insulin glargine alone appeared to show an increased risk for breast cancer compared to patients who had been treated with both insulin glargine and human insulin. Again, the findings of this study were the subject of debate as the authors did not take into consideration other risk factors for breast cancer, so the apparent increased risk of breast cancer may have simply been the result of random fluctuations in frequency. The authors came to the conclusion that the data did not provide a strong enough link to prove a causal relationship between insulin glargine use and the development of cancer compared to other types of insulin-based therapies.

The Food and Drug Administration released a new safety announcement in January 2011 regarding their review of insulin glargine and any possible links to cancer. The FDA determined that the evidence so far has been inconclusive since the studies and their methodology were questionable. However, the FDA continues to work with the medication‘s manufacturer as well as the Department of Veterans Affairs to determine whether there is a risk of developing cancer associated with the use of insulin glargine.

The American Diabetes Association, The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and the European Medicines Agency have all stated that there is currently no need for any change in the use of insulin glargine treatment.

A study led by an Indian-origin researcher and published in the journal Nature Genetics has discovered six new genes that may cause the early onset of Type 2 diabetes in South Asians — those of Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan and Bangladeshi origin.

The study’s findings may provide new leads for scientists as they try to discover new diagnostic tools that will help them prevent and treat Type 2 diabetes.

Those of South Asian descent may be at up to four times the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes as opposed to those of European ancestry. The disease leads to other severe complications such as stroke and heart disease.

The study was conducted jointly by researchers around the world. They analyzed the DNA of 18,731 individuals who had been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, along with a healthy control group of 39,856 non-diabetic individuals. The researchers analyzed the genetic makeup of the individuals to search for variations in the genetic code that appeared to be common among those who had been diagnosed with diabetes.

When the study concluded, researchers had identified six areas of the genetic code where a difference of a single letter was linked to the development of Type 2 diabetes. The findings suggest that the genes related to these variables may play a part in determining an individual’s likelihood of developing diabetes.

“This is the first genome-wide association study in South Asians, who comprise one-quarter of the globe’s population, and who carry a high burden of the disease and its complications, including heart attack and stroke,” said Professor Jaspal S. Kooner with the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London. Kooner, the lead author for the study, said: “We have shown that the genetic variants discovered here in South Asians also exist and contribute to diabetes in Europeans. Our studies in Asians and European populations highlight the importance and gain in examining the same problem in different ethnic groups.”

Dr. John Chambers with the School of Public Health at Imperial College London was the senior author of the study. “Type 2 diabetes is more common in South Asian populations than any other ethnic group, but the reason for this increased risk is unclear,” said Chambers. “Although lifestyle factors such as unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and obesity are important causes of diabetes in South Asians, these are only part of the explanation. Genetic factors have been widely considered to play a role in the increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Asians, but to date have not been systematically explored in this population.”

“Our study identifies six new genetic variants linked to type 2 diabetes in South Asians. Our findings give important new insight into the genes underlying of diabetes in this population, which in the long term might lead to new treatments to prevent diabetes,” continued Dr. Chambers.

According to a research article published in 2007 in the British Journal of Diabetes and Vascular Disease, South Asians have a one in three chance of developing Type 2 diabetes over the course of their lives. Those who develop diabetes are also diagnosed with the disease ten years earlier than Europeans, on average. Not only does diabetes incur a greater social and economic burden on South Asians, but they suffer higher fatality rates from cardiovascular and renal disease as a result of their higher rates of diabetes. About 55 million South Asians worldwide are affected by diabetes, with that number projected to rise to 80 million by 2030.

The obesity epidemic is growing daily; worse, it seems to be accelerating. With the increased numbers of overweight and obese people comes a higher risk of those people suffering health complications associated with obesity, such as Type 2 diabetes. Research teams around the world are attempting to identify body processes that could be targeted by therapeutics to reduce appetite and therefore reduce obesity. One such research team, led by Scott Waldman with the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia, has identified a new potential target for therapeutics in their work with analyzing the mechanisms that control appetite in mice down to the molecular level.

In studying mice, Waldman’s research team discovered that when they took in nutrients from food, the cells of the gut released a precursor to a hormone known as uroguanylin (prouroguanylin). The precursor is secreted in the blood and travels through the bloodstream to the brain where it is converted to uroguanylin in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that has been associated with a decrease in appetite. Once the uroguanylin is active, it binds to receptor proteins called GUCY2C receptors on the outside of nerve cells. The binding begins a process that signals to the mouse to decrease its food intake.

Waldman’s team showed that disrupting GUCY2C expression in mice impaired their normal appetite cycles by reducing satiation. When the pathway was interrupted and mice no longer felt full from eating, they engaged in hyperphagia — overeating. Unsurprisingly, this caused the mice to become obese and develop associated complications such as metabolic syndrome. This uroguanylin-GUCY2C pathway had been previously unrecognized.

According to Waldman and his research team, the findings show that it may be worth developing therapeutics that target the uroguanylin-GUCY2C pathway in order to control appetite and therefore reduce obesity and all the health complications that commonly accompany it, such as Type 2 diabetes. Randy Seeley and Matthias Tscöp of the University of Cincinnati, in an accompanying commentary, agreed with Waldman’s suggestion that this pathway be targeted for reducing obesity.

The article that accompanies the findings states that “Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are critical to central regulation of caloric consumption, since they activate hypothalamic circuits that decrease appetite and thereby restrict meal size by secreting hormones in response to nutrients in the gut.” By targeting the hormones and processes involved in these hypothalamic circuits, the team has hopes that scientists may be able to produce therapeutics that activate the pathway and make people feel satiated by eating less food, which would work towards reducing obesity.

The team called obesity a pandemic in their paper, citing that it affects more than 300 million adults worldwide and is accompanied by an array of comorbidities including endocrine, metabolic, and oncologic diseases and decreased life expectancy. The economic burden of obesity, according to the researchers, exceeds $100 billion per year, and decoding the neural pathways that exist between the stomach and the brain may lead to treatments that control appetite and limit metabolic diseases such as diabetes.

The team’s findings are published on August 25, 2011 in the Journal of Clinical Investigation. The studies were supported by grants from the NIH and from Targeted Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Scott Waldman is the Samuel M.V. Hamilton Endowed Professor at Thomas Jefferson University.

Scientists are currently performing tests on a new drug that may lead to the end of insulin injections for Type 1 diabetics. The drug is being developed with the intention of stopping the process that causes the immune system to attack the pancreas in patients with diabetes.

Intended for use with those newly diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, the medication will halt the progress of the disease by preventing the destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The creators of the drug intend to have it ready for use by patients within three years.

According to the scientists working on the drug’s development, it will help Type 1 diabetics in continuing to produce some of their own insulin. In time, the drug may help the pancreas to recover completely and produce enough of its own insulin to support the patients without insulin injections. Since the pancreas will be producing its own natural insulin, the drug will also reduce the risk of side effects that commonly appear with regular use of synthetic insulin, including kidney disease, stroke, and heart disease.

Clinical trials on the drug’s effectiveness and possible side effects are being conducted at 140 research centers in the United Kingdom. King’s College Hospital in London is one of the facilities involved in the study. The trials are also being conducted in other countries in Europe, North America, and South Africa, and in Israel.

“We have proved in earlier trials that our compound stops the immune system attacking the pancreas,” said Dr. Shlomo Dagan of Andromeda Biotech, an Israeli biotechnology firm. “There is evidence to suggest that using the drug over a period of time, maybe a couple of years, will allow the pancreas to recover enough to make more insulin. In that situation the patient could stop injecting insulin.”

“The research on this shows it may well be possible that patients could cope without the need for any insulin injections,” said Dr. Eleanor Kennedy, spokeswoman for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. “This is very exciting,” continued Kennedy.

Type 1 diabetes is caused by a malfunction in the immune system which causes it to attack the pancreas, destroying insulin-producing pancreas cells that manage blood glucose levels. If the condition is left untreated, blood glucose levels rise to dangerously high levels.

Type 1 diabetics require regular injections of insulin to supplement their own lack of insulin due to the destruction of pancreatic cells. If a Type 1 diabetic does not receive insulin, he or she will enter a coma and die. The new medication being developed, temporarily called DiaPep277, prevents the immune system from destroying the insulin-producing pancreatic cells, allowing the body to make enough of its own insulin that injections are not required. The medication is made from a protein known as a long-chain heat-shock peptide and was first developed by professor Irun Cohen at the Weizmann Institute in Israel.

Type 1 diabetes affects nearly 250,000 people in the United Kingdom; in the United States, that number rises to about three million. Type 1 diabetes differs from Type 2 diabetes in that the former is typically diagnosed in childhood and the latter is developed later in life and is typically caused by obesity. Type 1 diabetics receive injections of synthetic insulin to manage their blood glucose levels as their bodies are unable to produce insulin on their own. Both types of diabetes are very costly to the public, costing millions in treatment every year.

Obesity rates have been skyrocketing over the last three decades, and the epidemic shows no sign of slowing. While populations the world over have seen rising obesity rates, the West has been especially susceptible to the dangerously unhealthy rise in average weight, with all the health complications that come with it.

Three new studies being published in the Lancet, a British medical journal, state that worldwide obesity rates have doubled in the last 30 years. Despite the alarming increase in obesity, however, cholesterol and blood pressure levels have fallen. Study researchers have stated that they are worried about how much worse the world’s obesity problems could get.

One of the studies found that Pacific Islanders, such as the American Samoa, are the heaviest. Among developed nations, Americans are the heaviest while the Japanese are the thinnest.

“Being obese is no longer just a Western problem,” said Majid Ezzati, professor of public health at Imperial College London. Ezzati was an author on one of the studies being published in the Lancet. The obesity epidemic has made appearances nearly everywhere in the world, and it’s affecting health and lifespans wherever it crops up.

A series of articles in the Lancet states that the increases in obesity in almost all countries around the world seem to be motivated primarily by changes in the global food system. More food is being consumed than ever before, and it is also more processed, affordable, and effectively marketed.

In 1980, only about 5% of men and 8% of women around the world were classified as obese. As of 2008, that number had jumped to almost 10% for men and 14% for women. The frightening numbers translate to 205 million obese men and 297 million obese women around the world. Additionally, 1.5 billion adults around the world are considered “overweight.”

The richer nations of the world are more effective at lowering cholesterol and blood pressure levels. However, according to the researchers, people are becoming heavier almost everywhere in the world, except for a few areas including South Asia and central Africa.

The obesity epidemic has been found to be related to the increasing levels of caloric energy available to people throughout the years. While the amount of energy available to people in different areas of the world varies widely, it has increased drastically in nearly all areas of the world over the last 50 years.

From 1971 to 2004, women in the U.S. consumed an average of 335 more calories per day. In the same time period, men consumed 168 more calories per day, with much of the increases in caloric consumption being made up by carbohydrates such as processed and refined sugars found in soft drinks.

Obesity increases the risk of a host of diseases, including Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, osteoarthritis, and some types of cancer. Additional physical complications such as sleep apnea can also be caused by obesity. It is the leading cause of preventable death around the world and it is seen as one of the most pressing health problems of the 21st century. It has been found to reduce life expectancy and, according to a 2005 article published in the Lancet, it is the sixth most-important risk factor in contributing to the overall burden of disease around the world. Obesity is a public health problem because of its prevalence and its effect on the overall health of the public as well as the additional health care costs associated with it.

A meta-analysis of ten clinical trials has revealed that the consumption of dark chocolate and cocoa products, both of which are rich in polyphenol, may reduce total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. However, consumption of these products has no effect on HDL cholesterol.

The collaborative effort between Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School revealed that short-term consumption of dark chocolate was associated with reduced total cholesterol by 6.23 milligrams per dl; LDL was reduced by 5.9ml/dl on average.

“The degree to which LDL and [total cholesterol] levels were reduced in this analysis reflects some measure of potency of the coca regimen,” said the researchers. The findings were published in the 2011 edition of the European Journal of Clinical Medicine.

The research team also stated that their analysis showed the cholesterol-lowering effect to be greater when induced by the consumption of cocoa polyphenols from dark chocolate rather than from cocoa beverages. The team was led by Luc Djoussé, MD, DSc.

Studies of the polyphenols found in cocoa have been painting a healthier picture, with reports indicating possible benefits for skin health, cardiovascular health, and brain health. The media has been reporting more and more on the benefits of cocoa products.

Most of the research into the healthful properties of cocoa has been concerned with the cardiovascular benefits of flavanols, also known as flavan-3-ols or catechins. The monomeric flavanol (-)epicatechin, in particular, has received much research attention.

Researchers from the University of Reading in England, along with candy manufacturer Mars, have reported that cocoa may have an effect on the bacteria in the human gut, giving it potential as a prebiotic.

The purpose of the meta-analysis of ten clinical trials was to determine the effects of dark chocolate and other cocoa products on blood lipid levels. According to the researchers, since dark chocolate is formulated with saturated fat and contains additional calories, it may have unwanted effects on cholesterol levels.

The research team headed by Dr. Djoussé searched the medical literature from 1966 to 2010 and found ten clinical trials of dark chocolate and cocoa products, both rich in flavanols, evaluating 320 participants in all. Half the studies gave participants less than 500mg of flavanols every day, the other studies gave participants over 500mg daily. The duration of the trials was from 2 to 12 weeks.

The team performed an analysis of the numbers offered by the studies and found that consumption of dark chocolate and cocoa products was associated with significant reductions in levels of LDL and total cholesterol.

However, the numbers revealed no changes in HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels.

“These current analyses are consistent with beneficial effects of dark chocolate/cocoa product consumption on LDL and neutral effects on triglyceride and HDL in a short-term intervention,” said the team of its findings.

According to Dr. Djoussé’s team, the likely mechanism for the reduction in cholesterol levels involves the flavanoids found in the dark chocolate and cocoa products.

“Flavan-3-ols in cocoa are present as monomers, oligomers or polymers, better known as procyanidins, and generally are thought to inhibit cholesterol absorption as well as the expression of LDL cholesterol receptors,” the researchers stated.

The researchers further stated that additional studies would be needed to evaluate the optimal dose of cocoa consumption and any possible long-term effects that frequent consumption of dark chocolate might have on cholesterol levels.

U.S. consumers are more aware today that not all fat is bad. Many realize that there are “good” and “bad” fats, but how many can identify that polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats belong to the former category?

The 2011 Consumer Attitudes about Nutrition Survey conducted by the United Soybean Board (USB) gathered opinions of 1,000 U.S. adults on issues of dietary health. The results showed that 53% of the adults in the study agreed that “following a moderate-fat diet but choosing good fats over bad fats” was a healthy eating strategy.

On the other end of the spectrum, 9% of the participants believed that “following a low-fat diet by reducing all fats” was the healthiest eating strategy and that the government recommends this type of diet. The actual diet recommended by authorities places more emphasis on the type of fat consumed instead of the total amount.

Although half the participants thought that eating fat was fine as long as they were healthy, only 33% identified monounsaturated fats as “very healthy” or “somewhat healthy.”  In addition, only 33% of the respondents thought that polyunsaturated fat was “very healthy” or “somewhat healthy,” but 79% rated omega-3 fatty acids as being healthy. The disparity highlights an apparent confusion in terminology among the respondents — as fatty acids that contain more than one carbon-carbon double bond, omega-3 fatty acids are classified as polyunsaturated fats.

“Despite an interest in choosing good fats over bad, most U.S. consumers have a hard time pinpointing the healthier choices,” said the USB.

Most participants did agree that trans fats and saturated fats were not as healthy as the other types of fat, with only 9% of respondents believing that trans fats were healthy and 10% believing that saturated fats were healthy.

The USB’s findings are compatible with those of the Food & Health Survey 2011, conducted by the International Food Information Council (IFIC). That survey showed that nearly a fifth of the consumers polled stated that they were attempting to limit both monounsaturated fats (the healthy fats found in nuts, olives, etc.) and polyunsaturated fats (for example, fish oils).

Additionally, The USB’S research revealed confusion among participants over the healthiness of butter and margarine. Over half of the consumers (54%) stated that they believed butter was healthier than margarine or buttery spreads. Yet 24% indicated that they did not know whether butter or margarine was healthier; in 2010, that number was at 14%.

“Results indicate a real need/opportunity for margarine manufacturers to educate via product packaging,” noted the USB. “Consumers who think butter is healthier continue to cite their main reason as ‘it’s more natural’ than margarine. Those who believe margarine is healthier (33%) cite margarine’s lower fat content.”

Consumers were also polled on their attitudes about the relative healthiness of cooking oils. They believed olive oil was the healthiest, then flaxseed oil, canola oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil and safflower oil, according to the USB.

“Consumers continue to perceive soybean oil as a healthy choice. Among consumers with an opinion on healthiness, 81% think soybean oil is very or somewhat healthy.”

More and more consumers are trying soymilk, with 43% of the studies participants having tried it. Edamame has knocked veggie burgers out of the #2 spot in the list of “most consumed soyfoods;” soymilk is the #1 most consumed soyfood.

The USB’s survey also revealed that the consumers ate more soy products at home than they did at restaurants, citing reasons that soyfoods were rarely available in restaurants.

The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) has stated in a recent report that vaccines are overwhelmingly safe and that they do not cause diabetes or autism. The IOM came to the conclusion after reviewing over 1,000 published studies.

“We looked very hard and found very little evidence of serious adverse harms from vaccines,” said Ellen Wright Clayton, chairwoman of the reporting committee. “The message I would want parents to have is one of reassurance.” Wright Clayton is also the director of the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee.

The US Health Resources and Services Administration commissioned the report in 2009. It looked at the eight vaccines that make up the majority of the claims filed with the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP). The VICP covers 11 vaccines, providing compensation for patients whose health is negatively impacted by vaccines.

The vaccines reviewed by the study include those for influenza, hepatitis B, hepatitis A, meningococcal disease, human papillomavirus, chicken pox, diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTaP), mumps and rubella (MMR), and measles.

The report does state that the research “convincingly supports a causal relationship” for 14 actual adverse health effects. These effects include allergic reactions to six of the vaccines, infections associated with the chicken pox vaccine, and brain inflammation and fever-induced seizures linked to the MMR vaccine. It stated that the severe effects only occur in children who already have weak immune systems.

Four additional adverse effects were linked to vaccines but the evidence for a causal relationship was less convincing. Of the 135 remaining links between vaccines and adverse health effects, the study stated that there was “inadequate evidence to accept or reject a causal relationship.” The VICP may use the new analysis to update the Vaccine Injury Table. The table already includes the majority of the adverse effects contained in the new IOM report.

The IOM states that evidence “favors rejection” of reports that Type 1 diabetes was linked to the MMR and DTaP vaccines. The IOM also sought to reject reports that the MMR vaccine was linked to autism.

“We found five really solid epidemiological reports that were very clear that MMR is not associated with autism, and does not cause autism,” said Wright Clayton.

The IOM has issued previous reports that reached the same conclusion. A 1998 paper was published in The Lancet by U.K.-based surgeon Andrew Wakefield positing that links existed between autism and vaccines. That report has since been retracted by The Lancet, which stated that “several elements” of Wakefield’s paper were “incorrect.” However, the paper continues to have an influence: some parents still refuse to have their children vaccinated, citing risks of autism. The lack of vaccination has led to outbreaks of diseases among children, including whooping cough and measles.

“For those parents who are on the fence, this will be another piece of reassuring evidence, although I don’t know how many more pieces of reassuring evidence you need. For those who are committed to the concept that vaccines are harmful independent of what the data say, it won’t matter,” said Paul Offit, chief of the infectious diseases division of The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.

Offit does say that he is “uncomfortable as a scientist” with the methodology utilized by the IOM. When the committee analyzes most of the vaccines, “They’re looking at case reports and trying to decide whether they think the evidence supports a link,” he says. “That’s an unusual way to do science, because now you’re making it more subjective.”